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Keeping Pace with
Today's Quick Brains.
by Kathie
F. Nunley
One of the key parts of
the brain which focuses attention is the Reticular Activating System
(RAS). Located in a very low region of the brain, the RAS has the job
of filtering all incoming stimuli and making the decision as to whether
we attend or ignore something. How does this play in today's classroom?
There are 4 main
categories of things that trigger or focus the attention of the RAS in
the human brain:
- physical need
- self-made choice
- novelty
- your name.
Neil Postman writes in his
book, "Amusing ourselves to Death" that the attention span of humans
was considerably longer years ago. The specific example he uses in his
book is that of the Lincoln-Douglas debates in the 1800's which were
literally read from paper and lasted for hours. Postman notes that
amazingly, the people stayed, listened and paid attention. Today, I
doubt we could expect to read any statement for 8 - 10 hours and have
an audience of people stay in the room, let alone stay focused.
What has happened to the
mind. Specifically,that portion of the mind which focuses attention?
Let me begin by having you think for a moment about attention. First,
notice how your mind does not multi-task - it has only one focus of
attention at a time. You can think about last Christmas vacation. Now
think about next week's schedule. To think of next week's schedule you
must cease thinking about last Christmas vacation. We can wander
through various thoughts as our stream of consciousness flows.
At the heart of all this is
the part of the brain which has the role of attention decision maker.
What part of our mind actually "decides" what the topic of thought will
be? What causes the topic to change and when? Biologically speaking the
area we are referring to is the reticular activating system - the RAS
located in the hind brain - a very primitive area of the brain.
The job of the RAS is to
filter and screen all incoming stimuli and "decide" which stimuli
should merit the attention of the conscious. There is a hierarchy to
the issues of importance. In order, you will attend to: physical need,
novelty and self made choices. The one that plays the biggest role in
the changing dynamic of the teacher - student instructional struggle is
novelty.
The mind seems to
gravitate toward novelty. Not only does a novel experience seem to
capture our attention, it appears to be an essential need of the mind.
Watch a young child as his attention is literally pulled around his
world in search of novelty, which for a young child, surrounds him. His
search involves the assimilation of new material and an attempt to make
sense of all new experiences.
Novel means unknown. And
what is unknown demands to be known to the human brain. Once a new
experience is known and understood, then we look to find another
unknown to master. This is what makes the young child so exciting to
watch. They seem to flow through the world looking at the novel new
experiences, manipulate them in order to understand them, then set them
aside as the attention is now drawn to another unknown novelty.
The pace of novel
experiences has changed. At one time a young child could master or
learn his surroundings and they remained relatively unchanged. A toy or
two, a dozen people, a home sparsely decorated. Even the world outside
the home had relatively limited novelty to offer after the first few
years of ones' life. This allowed the RAS and attention to be drawn to
other things, primarily self-made choices and more complex types of
thinking and learning of abstract concepts. Self-made choice is another
strong motivator for attention, if novelty isn't overriding it.
Not so today. Today's
mind, young or old is continuously bombarded with new and novel
experiences. Rather than novel opportunities every few days or weeks,
we now have novelty presented in micro-seconds.
Video and television have
trained our minds to perceive and interpret quickly and be ready to
accept the next presentation. Even outside of television and video, the
presentation of commercial product is at an unprecedented pace. Color
catalogues, the internet, toy circulars, new car advertisements,
mega-super stores are providing a bombardment of information, wants and
wishes.
As teachers, how can we be
expected to keep pace, let alone compete with this amazing pace. For a
classroom using teacher-centered instruction, the task is nearly
impossible. One person alone in the front of the room cannot begin to
meet the needs of today's ever demanding RAS. The attention span is
trained to process in microseconds what teachers present in a one hour
lecture.
Student-centered
classrooms, although not miracle cures, can provide an easier
environment for the insatiable RAS. In an open learning environment,
students are free to set their own pace, learn as they wish, when they
wish, and move on when a concept is mastered.
To appease the RAS of
students, teachers need to step aside as the leader in the classroom.
Layered Curriculum™ and other student-centered teaching methods let
students set their own pace, let them say when it is time to move on or
hold back. Our society has spent 50 years training today's young brains
to interpret at record speed - surely we shouldn't let today's
classroom slow it down.
Kathie
F. Nunley is an educational psychologist, author, researcher and
speaker living in southern New Hampshire. Developer of the Layered
Curriculum™ method of instruction, Dr. Nunley has authored several
books and articles on teaching in mixed-ability classrooms and other
problems facing today's teachers. Full
references and additional teaching and parental tips are available at:
http://Help4Teachers.com Email her:
Kathie (at)
brains.org
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